发布时间：2024-06-05 07:30:13 人气：
8.28上海房车展：宽大V10房车“大”有所为！双拓大空间
万众期待，宽大“典雅V10”房车隆重上市了，大空间、大水电、大储物的设计桥运让V10车型成为名副其实的宽大房车；娱乐方面，新颖的投屏设计独特抢眼，各项小细节精致贴心，是喜爱的车型样式了！而此款新车也将亮相8月28-30日在上海汽车会展中心举办的第12届上海国际房车展，欢迎大家来现场品鉴！双拓大空间--宽大V10房车全新下线的宽大V10房车在底盘动力上依旧是基于国产主流底盘之一的团激依维柯欧胜底盘改装而成，5995X2340X3100mm的车身尺寸符合国内蓝牌C照的驾驶需求，大额头的设计保证了内部额头床空间的宽敞自在。
白色车身与灰红双色拉花的搭配低调沉稳，外部除了肉眼可见的进口菲亚玛遮阳棚、注水口、淋浴器、进口电动踏步、菲亚玛后爬梯、车尾备胎、裙边储物仓、贯通式储物仓及外置抽拉厨房之外，还深藏“功”与“名”！
多层复合铝塑板车身及带纱窗双人保温侧窗的配备让宽大V10房车具有优异的隔音保温功能。车身左侧及尾侧的电动拓展机构也让该车的内部空间达到的新的高度，让房车出行不再是蜗居的体验。
另外该车的户外抽拉厨房也是高配版的，除了常规的抽拉式燃气灶及煤气罐之外，该车还在灶台上方配置了调料存放区，而宽大的舱门也可做置物台使用，物用其值！
贯通式的储物舱也能大大增强该车的储物能力，行李无忧！
更值得一提的是，该车还配备电动驻车支腿，能有效增强房车的驻车稳定性及平衡性，安全舒适。
车内布局上经典大气，睡卧区、会客区、厨房区、洗浴区划分明显，各功能区空间舒适；E0级环保轻质板材家具的配置，生活更安心。
额头床区域除了宽敞的床铺之外，还标配投影设备，辅之车载wifi，出门旅行也能享受家庭影院级的娱乐体验。
另外在投影幕布旁边也设有独立的音乐播放器，可随时随地地播放音乐，十足的剧场音效！
会客区卡座沙发的配色高级，深浅双灰质感十足。
中间的多功能用桌看似简单，但在桌板下方暗藏抽拉式小储物层，放置小物品十分实用。
桌板上方还有多功能茶杯座，自带插座及USB接口的设计更加高级，整体而言，宽大V10房车的配置布局非常精细！
152L的英德尔进口冰箱分冷藏冷冻区，双开门的设计储物更加方便。
天气条件允许的条件下，可以直接利用车外的抽拉式炉灶进行烧菜做饭，条件不允许的情况下，配置同样齐全的内置厨房也能满足你的需求。
盖板式洗菜池、电磁炉、拓展桌板、置物钩、外推窗、储物柜等设施均有。
处于尾部拓展舱的横置双人床空间更大，1400x2200mm的尺寸足够睡下两位成人，床铺周边的阅读灯、储物柜和床帘等设施贴心实用。
豪华的卫生间也能解决房车出行洗浴的问题，隐藏式洗漱水盆既美观又典雅，盒式旋转马桶、卫浴镜、全套的淋浴花洒、储物柜及换气扇等配置一应俱全，洗浴无忧。
水电方面，宽大V10房车拥有900AH的超大锂电、3000W逆变器、500W太阳能（带MPPT控制器塌消袜）、220L清水箱及60L污水箱，高配的能源系统非常强大。同时新车内部的埃贝赫燃油暖风机、特鲁玛电热水器和多美达顶置变频空调也均为标配哦，59.8W的官方指导价实在了！
展会小贴士
展会：2020RVSHOW第十二届上海国际房车露营博览会
时间：2020年8月28-30日（9:00-17:00）
本文来源于汽车之家车家号作者，不代表汽车之家的观点立场。
花冠 点烟器旁边有个按键,写着 "ECTPWR"请问这个按键是什么意思
ECTPWR 代表电动模式 在电动模式时,变速器会比普通模式下更高的车速进行升降操作百,可以获得更大的加速度。点烟器的电源电压为12伏，与车辆的电瓶电压是一致的，通常点烟器有单独的一条电源线与之相连，和其他的线路不混用，因此，有单独的兆虚保险。正确的使用方法应当是上下垂直插茄档入和拔出，不要晃动，经常晃动的拔出容易造成松动和短路，烧毁保险和外接设备。
扩展资料：
一般来说点烟器主要用于拒绝明火的地方，比如工厂、车间等地方需要点烟，所以只能用点烟器来完成。另外汽车点烟器除可供点烟外，还可配置一个车载逆变器，能将汽车上12V,24V或48V的直流电转换为220V/50Hz交流电源，可供普通电器使用。例如可为移动电子设备充电。
车载逆变器最好采用分体式，使用电器功率限在150W以下，输出电流不会大于蓄电池电流。
点烟器插座是一种类似于家庭用电的电源多孔插座一族纳燃样，通过插头接入汽车电源，然后引出多个点烟器插口的电子设备。点烟器插座对于经常使用汽车电子产品的车主非常有用。
百度百科-点烟器
景宴·睿535商务旗舰版房车，四座布局恰到好处，独立卫浴自有玄机
房车的售后服务一直是车友备加关注的重点，而今天小编就想为大家介绍一款拥有超长质保（上装核心零部件及结构的5年/10万公里超长回厂质保，以及底盘3年/10万公里质保）的景宴·睿535商务旗舰版房车，四座布局独立卫浴，拼床设计配置进口，旅居商务两相宜。景宴·睿535商务旗舰版房车在外观造型上相对小巧，整车尺寸仅有5341X2032X2407mm（加装顶置空调后的高度为2573mm），可上蓝牌C照即能驾驶，而白黑双色的搭配也尽显商务房车的低调沉稳气质。
外部功能配置上，遮阳棚、原厂踏步、市电接口、注水口、散热口、燃气接口等设施均有。
底盘动力上，景宴·睿535商务旗舰版房车是基于福特新全顺底盘改装而成，2.0T汽油发动机，最大功率147KW，峰值扭矩300N.m，国六排放标准，传动系统为6速自动挡变速箱，前置前驱的驱动模式能有效提高行车的稳定性。
另外，该车还配有中控锁、ABS+EBD防抱死系统、行车电脑、车载电源、主驾驶安全气囊等差谨设施，并可选装中控智能彩色大屏、360°影像监控系统、副驾驶安全气囊等辅助系统，让出行更安心。
房车内部上，身材虽小但却为典型的五脏俱全，厨卫具备也可休闲睡卧；进口环保板材+进口房车家具专用膜+防水耐磨PVC地板革+MT房车专用软装布料的配置亦是高品质的体现。
车内驾驶室后方是单人的对坐式乘用座椅，座椅均可旋转调整角度方位，舒适性更强，商务洽谈也倍有面。
当然对坐的座椅也是隐藏的标准双人床，通过调整可将座椅翻折拼成一张物庆颤尺寸为1930x1200mm的临时床，床铺标配法国进口沙发垫，疲惫时可睡卧休息。当然座椅上方的空间也是充分利用，设有多个储物吊柜来存放物品，实用贴心。
厨房区的配置相对较全，进口洗菜池、电陶炉、拓展桌板、储物抽屉等设施均有。厨房操作台的旁边是进口的赛特福德冰箱，容积尚可。
整体布局略微紧凑，但功能确实齐全。而在车尾的部分则是独立的卫浴间，卫浴间与车厢中部设有推拉门，隔断处理罩败巧妙。
而尾部卫生间区域功能分区明确，抽拉式淋浴花洒、洗漱台盆、换气扇、卫浴镜、储物柜、防水浴帘、赛特福德盒式马桶等设施一应俱全，日常洗浴惬意舒心。
110L清水箱和60L的污水箱可用日常使用，2000W智能逆变器、300AH磷酸铁锂电池、燃油暖风一体机和200W的太阳能电池板（配备太阳能充电控制器）等设施均有。
当然景宴·睿535房车还有多种布局可供选择，今天小编为大家介绍的四座旗舰版只是其中一种哦，更多的房车测评可持续关注路程网x房车行。
*源于景宴房车官方展会小贴士
2021RVSHOW房车首展：
第十四届上海国际房车露营博览会（上海国际房车配件与露营装备展览会、上海国际自驾游与户外休闲用品展览会）
时间：2021年3月5-8日
地点：上海汽车会展中心
本文来源于汽车之家车家号作者，不代表汽车之家的观点立场。
8.28上海房车展：6座5卧+双拓展，拓锐斯特C型房车
外观及配置拓锐斯特2020款欧畅版升级版房车，延续家族式外观设计，清新大气。不仅如此，欧畅版房车共配备了两组电动拓展舱，内部空间也更加舒适。整车尺寸为5995×2492×3130mm（长宽高），轴距3300mm。
基于依维柯底盘打造，搭载3.0T柴油发动机，动力强劲。匹配8AT速手自一体变速箱，对于习惯开自动挡的人来说很友好。底盘采用后桥双排轮设计，极大地提升了底盘的承载力及行车时的稳定性。底部配备了户外驻车支撑平衡器，让驻车休息时，更加稳定舒适。
整车外部配置很丰富：上车踏步、户外厨房、水电接口、户外遮阳棚、超大贯通式储物仓、备胎罩和自行车架子等一应俱全。
内饰及配置
整车采用原木色板材搭配皮质沙发的设计，温馨惬意，居家感十足。
拓锐斯特欧畅版房车驾驶室空间宽裕，整体视野也十分宽阔。主副驾驶座带扶手，有效降低长途驾驶的疲劳度。
额头2200×1300mm的双人床位于驾驶室上方，睡卧舒适。床正上方的观景天窗和上两侧的外推窗，为这个区域的通风采光带来了良好的保证。床位的侧墙上设计了五孔电源插座和USB充电口，给手机充电很方便。此外，额头床下还嵌入了一台32寸网络电视，配合车内的音响，形成了一套家庭影音娱乐系统。
会客区采用两张双人对座沙发卡座搭配一张可升降餐桌的设计，驻车休息时可以拼床，大小适合儿童睡卧。座椅上方是一排储物吊柜设计，可以收纳一些日常用品。
厨房区位于会客区对面，配置有带盖板不锈钢水槽、电磁炉、微波炉、迷你滚筒洗衣机，储物吊柜和电源插座等，而整车内配置的超大进口冰箱则位于会客区后面。除此之外，还有燃油暖风热水供应系统，暖风控制板位于橱柜上方。
紧挨着厨房区域的是卫浴间，采用干湿一体式设计。配置有：赛特福德可旋转马桶、扶手、肥皂架、洗脸池、独立淋浴花洒、换气扇和毛巾架等，轻松满足日常使用需求。
车内尾部为休息区域，配置了一张固定横床。拓展舱打开时后，可变成一张1920×1350mm的双人大床。床周围配置有外推窗、储物吊柜、隐私帘、五孔电源插座和USB充电口等扒盯衫，细节设计很贴心。
水电配置方面则含：标配150L清水箱、80L灰水箱、3000W逆变器、200Ah免维护电池、2块太阳能电池板（可选配800AH或400AH锂电系统）。
配置表
展会小贴士
展会：2020RVSHOW第十二届上海国际房车露营博览会
时间：2020年8月28日-30日（9:00-17:00）
本文来源于汽车春腔之家车家号作者，不代表汽车之家的观点立场。
国六依维柯6.5吨底盘+国六排放+观景台，中意极致双拓展房车
今天小编要给大家介绍一款高端配置的房车--中意房车。这款房车基于国六依维柯欧胜6.5吨底盘打造而成，光是这一点就是吸引了很多车友的眼球。不仅如此，还带顶部观景台、双向拓展、伸缩式卫生间等。如此豪华配置还不赶快来看看！这款房车整体外观十分霸气，棕黑色车身更具王者气派。外形尺寸为5990*2420*3260mm，车长不足六米，上蓝牌C照即可驾驶。车头还带有防撞保险杠、电动绞盘、户外探照灯，为您的户外旅行增添一份安全与安心。
在底盘动力方面，基于依维柯欧胜国六底盘打造而成，匹配8速自动变速箱，搭载3.0T柴油发动机，符合国六排放标准。采用四轮盘刹制动系统以及配备ABS，提高行车安全性。
这款车型为双向拓展，分别为左侧拓展、车尾可拓展，同时卫生间可横向伸缩，由此空间更为宽敞，还能合理利用房车内盯咐部构造，设计巧妙。
不仅如此，在房车顶部还有一个观景平台，驻车后，摆上座椅、遮阳伞，即可在一个闲适、恬静的午后享受阳光与远方的风景。
外部配置也比较丰富，配有外部淋浴系统、电源接口、注水口、电动踏步、遮阳棚、贯通式储物舱等。同时还配置户外抽拉式厨房，配置燃气灶、置物台，可满足户外基本烹饪需求。
房车内部布局分明，内饰以原木风格为主，配色简单却不失典雅。会客区、厨房区、卫浴区、睡卧区均合理划分，内部配置也很完善。
会客区采用的是对坐式卡座搭配升降餐桌的设计，驻车后可拼成一张沙发床。座椅还配有三点式安全带、枕头、扶手等，让乘坐更舒适。上方是储物柜，可存放日常生活用品，拿放方便。车渣则雹窗上配有拉帘，可遮阳也可保护乘客区隐私。驾驶室上方搭载的32寸超大网络电视也能给车内乘客带来良好的影音享受。
厨房区域位于会客区对侧，配有不锈钢洗菜池、便携式电磁炉、电如帆源插座、储物柜、置物架、微波炉以及一台双开门冰箱，室内烹饪也很不错。卫浴区位于厨房区旁侧，内置完善的淋浴系统，同时可拓展，内部空间宽敞。
房车尾部是一张横置床，拓展后的尺寸为2120/1900*1330mm，可满足两名成年人的睡卧需求。非拓展状态可当做单人床铺使用，睡卧空间充足。两侧车窗也保证了车内的采光；储物吊柜也方便乘客存放衣物等。
同时驾驶室上方还配有一张额头床，尺寸为2150*1600mm，双人大床，睡卧舒适。
水电配置：180L净水箱、60L灰水箱、40L黑水箱；3000W+1000W双逆变器、500W太阳能板、4节120AH电瓶、可视倒车影像、烟雾报警器、变频空调、后行车暖风系统、伟巴斯燃油加热器等。
其他配置：多功能安全锤、伸缩梯、轮毂罩、备胎、随车工具1套等。官方指导价68W起。
中意极致双拓展专业版房车光是从外部配置来看极适合户外旅行，内部空间宽敞、睡卧空间充足，是大家庭旅行的不错选择。再加上房车顶部别致的观景台，让房车旅行生活更具诗意与惬意。
展会小贴士
2021RVSHOW房车首展：
第十四届上海国际房车露营博览会（上海国际房车配件与露营装备展览会、上海国际自驾游与户外休闲用品展览会）
时间：2021年3月5-8日
地点：上海汽车会展中心
本文来源于汽车之家车家号作者，不代表汽车之家的观点立场。
首款江铃轻卡房车下线，320L清水箱+四床六座，31.8W起
关注房车的车友们一定知道，目前国内市场上的自行式房车几乎清一色都是乘用车底盘，例如上汽大通的V80、V90，依维柯欧胜、进口Newdaily,江铃福特、新全顺、新世代等等，但是轻卡底盘的房车却凤毛麟角。刚刚过的上海国际房车展上，江西华居房车与江铃集团就首发推出了一辆大魔方C型轻卡底盘的房车：底盘由江铃集团独家授权，华居房车设计师与江铃设计师共同设计，专为房车进行各项调整适配，上装部分则由华居房车设计装配。小编在现场有幸和华居房车的设计师聊了聊这款房车，下面就给大家看看这款与众不同的轻卡房车：1外观&动力
说起这款车的由来，其实还有段有趣的小故事：时间可以追溯到几年前，江铃集团早先也有打造轻卡底盘房车的想法，但是碍于没有较为成熟的经验和配套晌禅山的零件供应链渠道便一直搁置了下来。巧的是华居的某位设计师看到国内轻卡房车的潜力，意欲打造一款高品质、高性价比的轻卡房车。于是，该设计师便找到江铃集团负责人，双方聊的很投机，最后便决定联手打造一款江铃底盘的房车。于是，这款大魔方C型轻卡底盘的房车便由此诞生了。
这款房车车身尺寸为5990*2360*2920mm，轴距为3360mm。满足国六排放标准，核载2-6人，上蓝牌，C2本即可驾驶。正如咱们爱好摄影的朋友都知道，越是简单的构图往往更能打动人心，从而产生好的视觉效果。同样，华居房车的设计师也懂得这个道理：整车通体以白色打底，侧面只用黑色色条进行点缀，简约而不简单。造型上，基于底盘的本身特性，整体车身是较为圆润的，但是配合较为硬朗的线条后，达到了一个了很好的平衡：既没有卡车的那种笨拙感，袭液也没有越野车的那种侵略性，给人的第一感觉是厚实温和，充满安全感。
动力方面：这款专为房车打造的江铃凯越轻卡地盘上，搭载了一台4D30的3.0T柴油发动机，前后双缸液压的制动器，巅峰扭矩为340N·m，驱动形式为后驱，整体的动力性能十分优异。传动系统方面匹配的是6AMT手自一体变速箱，换挡流畅，对习惯驾驶自动挡的人来说比较友好。油箱容积为100L，综合油耗10.9L。
车身外部配置方面：除基本的水电接口外，车身外部还配置了可户外做饭的户外抽拉灶、超大的3.5米手动遮阳棚、外置电源插座、外置淋浴和储物仓，几乎满足所有房车户外的使用需求。
2内饰&配置
驾驶室采光良好，视野宽阔。中控台区域用香槟金进行了配色点缀，低调轻奢，非常具有质感。配置上，驾驶室搭载ABS+ESP、定速巡航、方向助力等安全系统，保障驾车安全。除此之外，还配置有导航影像一体机、加宽倒车镜、多功能方向盘、遥控钥匙、电动中控，实用且人性化。同时，驾驶室和生活区中间设计了帘幕做了分区隔断，也可很好地保护车内隐私。
房车生活区统一采用了灰白棕三色搭配的设计，和谐自然，舒适且给人感觉车内更加干净整洁的感觉。布局由前到后，依次为前部休息区、会客区、厨房区、卫浴间和尾部休息区。
虽说驾驶室紧凑了些，带来的好处是为生活区提供了更大的空间，由此驾驶后面家得以加装了一张单人床，适合成年睡卧，驻车时候还可以当座椅使用。单人床右上方还安置有右前方有一台27寸2k分辨率的显示器和小米电视盒，满足车内娱乐需求。驾驶室上方的额头床也1500*2250mm，睡卧两名成年人绰绰有余。头额头床的高度也不错，上下床的动作幅度大一点也不怕磕碰。此外，床的两侧还设计了外推窗，保障整个区域的通风和采光。
会客区位于单人床后方，同样采用两张双人对坐卡座+一张可升降餐桌布局设计，驻车休息时，可以临时拼床，适合儿童睡卧。会客区窗户下方设计了水杯台，上面的一排水杯槽可以保护水杯因车身颠簸而导致水杯跌落，非常实用。窗户上方设计了一排储物吊柜，一直延续到休息区，可以储存超多日常用品。顶部的设计也相当厉害：配备有换气扇，同时也是逃生天窗，遇到事故发生侧翻时，可以打开这个天窗逃生，国内房车上非常少见的设计，为设计师的人性化考虑点赞！
厨房区域主要配置有带盖板不锈钢水槽、电磁炉、电源插座宴中、148L房车专用双开门冰箱、烟雾报警器、收纳抽屉和储物柜，可轻松决车内做饭问题。厨房旁边还有一台组合柜，空间宽裕，可以用来收纳旅行的衣物。
卫浴间采用干湿一体式设计，足足一平米的空间！比小编之前见过的任何C型房车的卫浴间空间都要宽敞，洗浴时再也不用“畏手畏脚”。卫浴间内置有独立淋浴花洒、加大浴帘、赛特福德可旋转马桶、换气扇、储物格和储物柜，满足日常使用需求。而且，在卫浴间的门的后面还嵌有一块全身镜，梳妆打扮时看起来十分“爽”，简直是女性福音！
尾部休息区配置了一张纵置床双人床，床头还有电源插座和夜读小夜灯。床的上方还安装了一台格力静音空调和拉帘，保障良好的睡眠环境。
水电配置方面，整车标配320L的加大净水箱、60L灰水箱、3000W逆变器、200Ah胶体电池和200W的太阳能，长途旅行水电无忧。该车为24V用电系统，用电效率高的同时，兼顾安全。此外，整车还有过载控制保护器，MPPT太阳能控制器等设施，可以有效保证用水用电的安全。其他配置方面，车内还装有燃油加热器及暖风一体机提供暖风，暖气和热水供应有保障。
写在最后：我们一般选择某样产品，最看重的的因素是什么？小编认为是品质和性价比！这款轻卡房车拥有江铃轻卡深厚的技术底蕴，品质上无疑拥有强力的保障。而31.8W的价格，更是集动力强劲、空间宽裕、设施齐全和诸多人性化的设计优势于一体，性价比超高毋庸置疑。国内越来越多的车友，在玩惯了千篇一律的乘用车底盘房车后，更想选择一辆轻卡房车，这俨然已成为一种趋势和潮流。对于小编个人来说，也很中意这款房车，大家觉得怎么样呢？
--END---
展会贴士
2021RVSHOW房车首展
第十四届上海国际房车露营博览会
&上海国际房车露营装备展览会
&上海国际自驾游户外休闲用品展览会
时间：2021年3月5-8日
地点：上海汽车会展中心
本文来源于汽车之家车家号作者，不代表汽车之家的观点立场。
想做一个手摇发电机，停电应急，12v逆变也行，不考虑用蓄电池逆变，因
1、军并橡禅用手摇发电机技术如派参数 额定功率 最大功率 输出电压 额定电流 最大电流 净重 尺寸（mm）
30W 50W 15.5V 绝尘 2A 4A 700g 113×64×48
ica de Catalunya
AV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. Spain
Absiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnected
online-UPS inverters without control wire
interconnections is presented. The wireless control technique is
based on the well-known droop method, which consists in
introducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order to
share properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop method
has been widely used in applications of load sharing between
different parallel-connected inverters. However, this method
has several drawbacks that limited its application, such as a
trade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharing
accuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phase
deviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable the
method in online-UPS systems, since in this case every module
must be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome these
limitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to the
paralleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictly
frequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, and
excellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental results
are reported confirming the validity of the proposed approach.
1. INTRODUCTION
The parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible Power
Supplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supply
critical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and power
availability are required. In the last years, many control
schemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,
which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters
[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democratic
control [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have been
appeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], or
the distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes need
control interconnections between modules and, hence, the
reliability of the system is reduced since they can be a source
of noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wires
limited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].
In this sense, several control techniques has been proposed
without control interconnections, such as the droop method.
In this method, the control loop achieves good power sharing
making tight adjustments over the output voltage frequency
and amplitude of the inverter, with the objective to
compensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].
This concept is derived from the power system theory, in
which the frequency of a generator drops when the power
drawn to the utility line increases [8].
0-7803-7906-3/03/$17.00 02003 IEEE. 1637
However, this control approach has an inherent trade-off
between voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,
this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requires
low-pass filters to calculate the average value of the active
and reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics of
the whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristics
of these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,
which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations of
the output voltage amplitude and frequency.
Besides, when active power increases, the droop
characteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominal
value and, consequently, it results in a variable phase
difference between the mains and the inverter output voltage.
This fact can be a problem when the bypass switch must
connect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead of
its phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented in
order to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractive
UPS systems. The first one is to locate a particular
module near the bypass switch, which must to synchronize
the output voltage to the mains while supporting overload
condition before switch on. The second possibility is to wait
for the instant when phase matching is produced to connect
the bypass.
However, the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to a
parallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer time
ought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modules
must be always synchronized with the mains when it is
present. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transfer
directly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in case
of overload or failure [lo].
In our previous works [11][12], we proposed different
control schemes to overcome several limitations of the
conventional droop method. However, these controllers by
themselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-
UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme is
proposed to parallel different online UPS modules with high
performance and restricted requirements. The controller
provides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharing
accuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phase
matching between the output-voltage and the utility line.
Thus, this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-
UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability and
power availability. Simulation and experimental results are
reported, confirming the validity of this control scheme.
Fig. 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bus
t"
Fig. 2. P-odraop function.
11. REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHOD
Fig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connected
to a common bus through coupled impedance. When this
impedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawn
to the load can be expressed as
EVcosQ - V2 Q=
where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phase
angle between the output voltage of the inverter and the
voltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of the
output voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage,
respectively.
From the above equations it can be derived that the active
power P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,
while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltage
amplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control of
paralleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,
which introduces the following droops in the amplitude E
and the frequency U of the inverter output voltage
u = w -mP (3)
E = E ' - n Q , (4)
being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitude
at no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficients
for the frequency and amplitude, respectively.
Furthermore, a coupled inductance is needed between the
inverter output and the critical bus that fixes the output
impedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,
it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPS
modules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distorted
when supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedance
is a pure inductance.
It is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,
then good power sharing is achieved at the expense of
degrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).
The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts the
mentioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation in
terms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, and
system stability.
On the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,
expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate the
average value over one line-cycle of the output active and
reactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented by
means of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than that
of the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the power
calculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a large
extent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinverter
system [ 131.
In conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsic
problems to be applied 1.0 a wireless paralleled-system of
online UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:
Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation
(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharing
accuracy (active an4d reactive).
2) Limited transient response. The system dynamics
depends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,
the droop coefficients, and the output impedances.
Lost of ac mains synchronization. The frequency and
phase deviations, due to the frequency droop, make
impracticable this method to a parallel-connected
online UPS system, in which every UPS should be
continuously synchronized to the public ac supply.
1)
3)
111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPS
INVERTERS
In this work, we will try to overcome the above limitations
and to synthesize a novel control strategy without
communication wires that could be appropriate to highperformance
paralleled industrial UPS. The objective is to
connect online UPS inverters in parallel without using
control interconnections. This kind of systems, also named
inverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized to
the utility line. When an overload or an inverter failure
occurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line to
the load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].
Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed online
UPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utility
bus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and the
secure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. The
interface between these buses is based on a number of online
UPS modules connected in parallel, which provides
continuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modules
include a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a static
bypass switch.
1
1638
Q ac mains
utility bus
I I I
j distributed loads !
Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS system.
syposr /
I 4
(4
Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.
(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failure
The main operation modes of a distributed online UPS
1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, from
the utility through the distributed UPS units.
2) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, the
UPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from the
batteries, without disruption.
Bypass operation: When an overload situation occurs,
the bypass switch must connect the critical bus
directly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee the
continuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damage
of the UPS modules.
For this reason, the output-voltage waveform should be
synchronized to the mains, when this last is present.
system are listed below (see Fig. 5):
3)
Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droop
method can not satisfy the need for synchronization with the
utility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, which
provokes a phase deviation.
To obtain the required performance, we present a transient
P-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,
proposed previously by OUT in [ 111
w=o -mP (5)
where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,
which is done by
. -
I t -1s
P= p ,
( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )
being zthe time constant of the transient droop action.
The transient droop function ensures a stable frequency
regulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the same
time, achieves active power balance by adjusting the
frequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, to
adjust the phase of the modules we propose an additional
synchronizing loop, yielding
o=w'-m%k,A$, (7)
where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and the
mains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequency
adjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can be
obtained by measuring the utility line frequency.
The second term of the previous equality trends to zero in
steady state, leading to
w = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)
being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverter
and the utility mains, respectively.
Taking into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain the
next differential equation, which is stable fork, positive
d$ *
dt dt
- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)
Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency will
decrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will be
synchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawn
to the loads.
IV. CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATION
Fig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposed
controller. The average active power P , without the dc
component, can be obtained by means of multiplying the
output voltage by the output current, and filtering the product
........................................................................................
io
",.
L
Sj'nchronirorion loop
.......................................................................................
Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed controller.
using a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the average
reactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltage
must be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass filter.
In order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation
(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequency
mains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient active
power signal term; and the phase difference term, which
is added in order to synchronize the output voltage with the
ac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltage
amplitude is regulated by using the conventional
droop method (4).
Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided by
using a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists in
emulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the output
voltage proportionally to the time derivative of the output
current. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highorder
current-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltage
THD. This can be easily solved by using a high-pass
filter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,
which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].
Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance can
reduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedance
impact over the power sharing accuracy.
v. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTS
The proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulated
with the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shown
in Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. The
coefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,
proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7
shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,
phase difference between the modules and the utility line,
and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note the
excellent synchronization between the modules and the
ACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...I.P...S...1... ..........................B...u...n...r.r..r..e..s... ................................... i
Fig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,
mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharing
obtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller to
the online UPS paralleled systems.
Two I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order to
show the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPS
inverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with a
switching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, with
the following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,
v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters were
based on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PI
controller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharing
controller, based on (4) and (7). The last controller
was implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint
40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from Texas
Instruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in Table
I. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order to
synchronize the inverter with the common bus. When this
occurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbased
control is initiated.
1640
big 7 Wa\cfc)rms for twu.invencr, ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.
(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum
(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPS
Note that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ inrblrr
1641
TABLEI.
PARAMETEROSF THE PARALLELESDYS TEM.
Filter Order I I
Filter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I rags
Fig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of the
UPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallel
without load. Notice that a small reactive current is circling
between the modules, due to the measurement mismatches.
Then, a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connected
suddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharing
of the paralleled system when sharing a nonlinear
load.
Fig. 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of B
common nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:
5 Mdiv.).
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnected
online UPS systems, was proposed. The controller
is based on the droop method, which avoids the use of
control interconnections. In a sharp contrast with the
conventional droop method, the controller presented is able
to keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictly
synchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaining
good load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact let
us to extend the droop method to paralleled online UPS.
On the other hand, the proposed controller emulates a
special kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physical
coupled inductance. Th.e results reported here show the
effectiveness of the proposed approach.
变频器应用现状及其发展前景
由于高压变频器的应用领域和高效节能的市场需求与鼓励政策，高压变频器市场规模一直保持着较高的增长率，而中低压变频器因为是个强周期行业，与国家经济周期紧密相关，受社会融资增速放缓、中美贸易战焦灼不下、3C产品销售市场低迷，汽车行业持续下行等因素影响，低压变频器市场同比出现下滑。预计2025年到2025年，高压变频器的市场规模将突破200亿元，中低压变频器则将达到400亿元以上。我国高压变压器增速呈波动趋势
高压变压器主要应用领域涉及电力，矿业，水泥，水泥、冶金、石化等行业，可实现对各类高压电动机驱动的风机、水泵、空气压缩机、提升机、皮带机等负载的软启动、智能控制和调速节能，从而有效提高工业企业的能源利用效率、工艺控制及自动化水平。其中通用高压变频器主要是通过调节电机转速实现节能目的，主要应用于电力、矿业、冶金、水泥等领域的风机、泵类传动控制。我国高压变频器市场一直保持着较高的增长率。2012-2019年，高压变频器市场规模持续增长，增速呈波动趋势。
2019年我国高压变频器市场规模达到133亿元，增速达到6.4%。预计未来我国高压变频器前和市场规模仍会继续增加。
高压变频器在电力、冶金、水泥、石油石化等行业需求量较大
高压变频器的下游客户主要集中在电力、冶金、煤炭、石油化工、水泥、造纸、市政、交通等领域，多为国有大型工矿企业。通过对国务院公布的2020年减排目标进行针对研究和目标分解，并且考虑到国有企业的政策执行能力，这些高耗能的国有大中型企业将在未来的节能减排工作中扮演主要角色，相应也会享受到更多的政策扶持。高压变频器作为节能减排的主力纯吵军和急先锋，未来高压变频器在电力、冶金、水泥、石油石化、化工、采矿、市政和其他领域有巨大的市场需求。
中低压变频器市场同比出现下滑
中低压变频器，可应用于大部分的电机拖动场合，能够实现工艺调速、节能、软启动、改善效率等功能，在电力、冶金、石油化工、煤炭、起重机械、纺织化纤、油气钻采、电梯、建材等行业得到了广泛应用。中低压变频器行业是个强周期行业，与国家经济周期紧密相关。近年来，受自动化改造和高端装备升级的驱动，我国变压器市场增长强势。受原材料(特别是IGBT)价格持续上涨以及我国“去库存与调结构”政慧裤盯策的影响，传统的设备制造、电梯制造、项目型市场都承受着较大的压力，中低压变频器市场规模出现小幅下滑。
2019年，我国中低压变频器市场规模为362亿元，增速为4.02%。2019年上半年，受社会融资增速放缓、中美贸易战焦灼不下、3C产品销售市场低迷，汽车行业持续下行等因素影响，低压变频器市场同比出现下滑。
中低压变频器市场需求领域主要在起重机、纺织化纤、油气钻采、冶金、石油和化工、煤炭、电梯、建材、电力、市政和其他方面。
变压器行业受政策以及需求影响，未来规模将继续上涨
近年来，我国年工业生产总值不断提高，但能耗比却居高不下，高能耗比已成为制约我国经济发展的瓶颈，为此国家投入大量资金支持节能降耗项目，其中高压变频调速技术已越来越广泛的应用在各行各业，它不仅可以改善工艺，延长设备使用寿命，提高工作效率等，最重要的是它可以“节能降耗”，这一点已被广大用户所认可，且深受关注。前瞻预计，未来几年，具有高效节能功能的高压变频器市场将受政策驱动持续增长，到2025年，高压变频器的市场规模将突破200亿元。
而随着国内市场需求的扩大，低压变频器市场将会进一步扩大市场容量，预测2020-2025年，低压变频器市场规模逐年小幅增长，预计到2025年，我国低压变频器市场规模将达到400亿元以上。
—— 更多数据可参考前瞻产业研究院《中国变频器行业市场前瞻与投资战略规划分析报告》
湖北仙童科技有限公司 高端电力电源全面方案供应商 江生 13997866467
